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如何教授有争议的问题

Teaching around controversial issues is probably one of the most effective practices for the promotion of democracy across Europe and beyond. The term “controversial issues” refers to “issues which arouse strong feelings and divide communities and society”. Teaching around controversial issues means discussing them in the classroom.
技术实验室的中学老师和学生

Teaching around controversial issues is probably one of the most effective practices for the promotion of democracy across Europe and beyond. The term “controversial issues” refers to “issues which arouse strong feelings and divide communities and society”. Teaching around controversial issues means discussing them in the classroom.

让我们看一下所有学校中是否应该有变性浴室的问题。老师将通过收集捍卫不同观点的可靠资源来准备一项活动。上课后,老师会引入争议。学生将分为三组;那些捍卫跨性别浴室的需求,那些反对的人和那些主张将女性浴室转变为跨性别的人。将为每个小组提供捍卫自己的立场的资源,然后确定要维持其观点的论点。然后,学生将进行一场调节的辩论,在那里他们分配了讲话的时间,提出他们的辩论和反对他人的辩论。在活动结束时,老师会要求学生做出决定,并决定他们的学校如何更好地适应其决定。

Other examples of controversial issues are: what should we do with slavery heritage such as statues and other monuments? Should radical activist actions such as those of Greenpeace or Extinction Rebellion be legally allowed? How should governments respond to the Mediterranean refugee crisis?

Approaches to controversy

审议方法解决有争议的问题可能是解决有争议问题的最常见做法。审议是我们可以仔细考虑有关问题以达到最合适行动方案的过程的过程。有争议问题的审议方法基于审议民主的政治理论。根据审议民主党人的说法,组织良好和包容性的讨论使参与者能够致力于理性的价值观。在这些类型的讨论中,最引人注目的理由盛行允许达成共识的可能性。

审议方法to controversial issues aim to create the conditions for these well-organised and inclusive discussions. They facilitate that participants gain academic knowledge, appreciate and respect different viewpoints and learn to build consensus. In deliberative approaches to controversial issues, participants are requested to research one or several viewpoints, communicate their ideas to others, and reach agreement. Teaching controversial issues here always finishes with a classroom consensus. The whole class reaches a consensual decision after evaluating different arguments.

激动的方法to controversial issues are based on the political theory of agonistic democracy. Agonistic democrats argue that disagreement is part of democracy and real consensus cannot be reached – consensus will always exclude someone.

争议性问题的激动方法是在课堂上处理争议的相对较新的方法。激动人心的方法旨在使政治分歧正常化,并破坏对友谊/敌意的严格理解。在激动的方法中,要求参与者迅速表达他们对一系列不同陈述的看法。在这里,没有期望学生参与学术知识,而是要依靠自己的生活经历。无意就争议达成协议。目的是促进学生了解我们的社会多样化并学会与不同的差异共存。

Whilst deliberative and agonistic approaches to controversy rely upon different assumptions, they can complement each other. Indeed, democracy often requires us to reach agreements but also to live with disagreement.

数字方法争议使用数字空间作为媒介或有争议的话题。有时,争议可能与数字问题有关,包括虚假新闻,言论自由和数字权利。在其他情况下,也可以在线进行有争议的问题的教学。在线环境可以使学生提高其数字扫盲技能,并促进他们在数字民主背景下的参与。

The role of the teacher

传统上,在处理有争议的问题时,可以使用许多教学风格。例如,教师可以采取“中立主席”的方法,并试图作为讨论的促进者。他们还可以尝试采用“平衡”方法,并为学生提供一系列替代观点。教师还可以采取“魔鬼的倡导者”方法,并有目的地采取相反的观点。或者,老师可以采取更“党派”的方法,并捍卫自己的观点,某些学生的观点或当局的观点(Coe,2016年)。

Teacher responsibility

在任何情况下,教师都必须意识到社会和政治环境,并对学校和学生所经历的情况有很好的了解。可能会有一些问题对所有或某些学生特别敏感(例如,经历或经历过贫困,种族主义,庇护的学生),在选择和解决有争议的问题时,教师需要考虑这一点。

同样重要的是,教师意识到他们的当地立法并考虑法律允许他们在多大程度上促进政治观点。在许多国家,课程或教育法明确指出党派政治被禁止在学校中。例如,英格兰和威尔士就是这种情况,1996年的《教育法》明确禁止从业者促进党派政治观点,并同样明确地要求从业者提供平衡的帐户。在德国也是如此,贝特尔斯巴赫共识作为教学公民身份的基础法,要求教师提供一种平衡的方法来讨论任何给定法律。

However, teaching controversial issues in a neutral or balanced manner is not always possible or desirable. A guidance for teachers developed by the Welsh Government (United Kingdom) (2021) specifies,

法律要求学校(和从业者)促进某些价值观和原则,这可能仍然是政治辩论的主题(例如,说学校应该挑战歧视是相对无争议的,但是关于厌女症和种族主义的政治辩论仍然可以是党派和有争议的)。(第5页)

确实,如果教师确实在实践中促进民主,那么他们在促进民主方面并不中立!

参考

柠檬。教授有争议的问题:向学员的公民教育老师的简报。London: CitizED; 2004.

欧洲理事会。与争议生活在一起。通过民主公民和人权教育教育有争议的问题(EDC/HRE)。Available fromhttps://pjp-eu.coe.int/en/web/charter-edc-hre-polot-projects/publications# {%2288522015%22: [0]}[Accessed 20th October 2021]

Jahr D,Hempel C,Heinz M.“……不仅说他们都是纳粹。”关于德国公民课程当前主题的讨论的争议。JSSE-Journal of Social Science Education.2016 Jun 2:14-25.

Lo JC. Empowering young people through conflict and conciliation: Attending to the political and agonism in democratic education.民主与教育。2017:1-9.

Sant E, McDonnell J, Pashby K, Menendez Alvarez-Hevia D. Pedagogies of agonistic democracy and citizenship education.Education, Citizenship and Social Justice.2020:1746197920962373.

Sant E,Thiel J.等。Promoting Democracy in Schools. Practical resources to support teachers’ initial and continuous professional development.Available fromhttps://www.mmu.ac.uk/research/research-centres/esri/research-groups/embedding-a-democratic-culture-dimension-indimension-in-teacher-education-education-programmes[Accessed 20th October 2021]

Welsh Government.教授公民和政治教育。Available fromhttps://hwb.gov.wales/api/storage/41fc6ce7-d65a-4f5f-b6d6-c66fbfcd6269/Guidance%20for%20practitioners%20on%20remaining%20impartial.pdf?preview=true[Accessed 20th October 2021]

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